What Is the Boule in Ancient Greece

The boule was an advisory citizen body of the Athenian democracy. Members had to be over 30 and citizens could serve on it twice, which was more than other elected offices. There were either 400 or 500 members of the boule, who were selected by lot in equal number by each of the ten tribes. In Aristotles Constitution of Athens, he attributes to Draco a boule of 401 members, but Solon is generally taken as the one who started the boule, with 400. The boule had its own meeting house, the bouleterion, in the Agora. Origins of the Boule The boule changed its focus over time  so that in the 6th century B.C., the boule was not engaged in civil and criminal legislation, while it was so engaged by the 5th. It is speculated that the boule may have started as an advisory body for the navy or as a judicial body. The Boule and the Prytanies The year was divided into 10 prytanies. During each, all (50) of the councilors from the one tribe (chosen by lot from the ten tribes) served as presidents (or prytaneis). The prytanies were either 36 or 35 days long. Since the tribes were chosen at random, manipulation by the tribes was supposed to be reduced. The tholos was the dining hall in the Agora for the prytaneis. Leader of the Boule Of the 50 presidents, one was selected as chairman each day. (Sometimes he is referred to as the president of the prytaneis) He held the keys to the treasury, the archives, and the state seal. Scrutiny of Candidates One job of the boule was to determine whether candidates were fit for office. The dokimasia scrutiny included questions that may have been about the candidates family, shrines for the gods, tombs, treatment of parents, and tax and military status. The members of the boule themselves were exempt for the year from military service. Pay of the Boule In the 4th century, the councilors of the boule received 5 obols when they attended council meetings. The presidents received an extra obol for meals. The Job of the Boule The main task of the boule was to manage the agenda of the assembly, elect certain officials, and question candidates to determine whether they were fit for office. They may have had some power to imprison Athenians before trial. The boule was involved in public finances. They may also have been responsible for inspecting the cavalry and horses. They also met foreign officials. Source Christopher Blackwell,  The Council of 500: its history, The STOA project

Divorce And Its Effects On Children Essay - 1167 Words

Divorce is a psychosocial problem and a common phenomenon in all societies, and it seems that it is getting more prevalent in our society in the modern age. Divorce is the worst Halal for what consequent of negative consequences on the family and the increasment of enmity and hatred and the bad effect on children and the other psycho and sociological dilemmas like mental disorders and deviant behavior to crime and so on. Definition of Divorce : Companionship and participation based on love and harmony are the fundamentals of marriage. But if everything went wrong and the couple did not find the solution, even staying under one roof causes unhappiness and suffering, Allah did allow them to separate by divorce. Divorce in language: is the termination of a marriage or marital union, the canceling and/or reorganizing of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving the bonds of matrimony between a married couple. Divorce in religion: The absolving of marriage contract and the Nukah agreement verbally or financially with a specific words. Divorce Legitimacy: Legitimacy of divorce has been inquired by reviewing the Qura nic texts and the speeches of Prophet Mohammad, e.g : (1) Surat Albakara:229 (2) Surat Altalaq:1 (3) what was told about Ibn Omar that the Prophet Mohammad said: The worst Halal for Allah is divorce. (4) The consensus of Muslim legal in the time of Prophet Mohammad. - Rule of Divorce: Divorce has the five Legitimacy rules: (Necessity,Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Divorce On Children And Divorce1460 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s world, most people accept divorce or separation as a way of life. Parents are unaware or do not understand the damage it can have on their children. However, in some instances, it is better to get out of an abusive relationship because that can be as toxic as divorce. 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Education and Classroom Free Essays

Running head: STUDENT DIVERSITY 1 Student Diversity and Classroom Management Kelly Shipley Grand Canyon University EDU 450 March 17, 2013 STUDENT DIVERSTY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT2 Student Diversity and Classroom Management When teaching middle school age student’s classroom management is an important aspect in the educational process, there are so many changes going on within the middle school student classroom, management is important to have control and success in the classroom. There are a multitude of strategies to help manage the middle school classroom. In this paper I will list five different strategies of classroom management. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many challenges within the middle school classroom and knowing what strategies to use to keep control and management can be difficult at times. With the diversity of children in the classroom changes may need to be made. Some strategies may not work in one classroom but work well in another. â€Å"Classroom management refers to those activities of classroom teachers that create a positive classroom climate within which effective teaching and learning can occur (Martin Sugarman, p. 1993)†. The first strategy is keeping the lesson moving. Don’t just lecture for the whole class period. Find engaging ways to keep the students motivated. If you have a classroom of seventh grade English students, lecturing the entire class period would not benefit nor would it keep the attention of the students. Instead engaging the students with hands on activities would keep the learning process going and would alleviate some disruption in the classroom. Keeping consistency in t he classroom is another great strategy to implement in the middle school classroom. Middle school students need consistency to keep control of them. Developing and maintaining a set of classroom rules will keep disruptive students at bay. Middle STUDENT DIVERSTY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT2 School classrooms need to be structured and rules need to be set and followed on an everyday basis. By keeping up with the classroom rules and never slacking will help students become responsible in their own self-discipline. When there is disruption in the classroom knowing what to do immediately will help detour any other disruptions that may occur. For instance if you have a middle school student that consistently talks during class time and is disruptive to other students, knowing what to do immediately will keep the class moving successfully. Kellie Hayden author of Top Five Classroom Management Strategies states â€Å"when students are being disruptive by talking, poking, pulling or crumpling up paper, go stand by them, this sends a direct message to stop what they are doing. Most of the time they stop and go back to work (Hayden, 2010)†. Getting to know your students is a helpful way in managing your classroom. Knowing who your students are will help you as a teacher know what is going on with your students. For example; you have a seventh grade student whose parent is terminally ill with cancer. For the past few weeks you have seen a change in attitude, and class performance in this student. The student seems withdrawn and has not turned in the past few assignments. Knowing the students family situation is helpful in knowing how to handle this situation. By knowing the students background will help in knowing if you the problem you see can be handled in the classroom by you the teacher or if you should seek outside help for your student. The last classroom strategy is probably the most important after the events that have happened this year. I think that classroom safety is very important in the learning process. If a student doesn’t feel safe in the classroom the learning process ceases. As a teacher it is important STUDENT DIVERSTY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT4 hat students in your classroom feel safe and know that your classroom is secure for them to learn. With all the school shootings that have happened this past year, students all around the county have the need for safety in their home schools. As a teacher it is your responsibility to maintain a safe learning environment for your students. Keeping classroom doors locked is one way to maintain classroom safety. Not allowing objects that can be used as weapons in the classro om is another way to maintain safety. Making sure that your students know the rules of safety not only in the classroom but in the school as well will maintain the learning process and make sure that students can successfully learn. As I stated earlier there are so many strategies for classroom management and not all strategies may work in your classroom, but knowing which strategies do work and making sure that you keep a routine and consistency in the classroom will provide a successful learning environment for the students that are in your classroom and control among the students as well. STUDENT DIVERSTY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT5 Resources Hayden, K. (2010). Top Five Classroom Management Strategies-They Really Work. Retrieved on March 15, 2013 http://www. brighthubeducation. com Martin, J. Sugarman, J. (1993). Models of Classroom Management, Second Edition. Bellingham, Washington: Temeron Books Inc. How to cite Education and Classroom, Essay examples